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87 total results foundAuthor: Townsend, Dorn Title: No Other Life: Gangs, Guns, and Governance in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: Gun violence and gun-related homicides in Trinidad and Tobago have continued to increase over the last decade. The twin-island nation now has more gun-related deaths than Jamaica and a murder rate of 42 per 100,000. This report examines the interconnection between the gun violence and the present political situation in Trinidad and Tobago. The publication asserts that the crime-fighting measures of the police force are hampered by financial support to urban gangs via public welfare programs. Details: Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2009. 55p. Source: Internet Resource; Working Paper of the Small Arms Survey; accessed August 8, 2010 at http://smallarmssurvey.org/files/sas/publications/w_papers_pdf/WP/WP8-Gangs-Guns-Governance-Trinidad-Tobago-2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Gang Violence Shelf Number: 117633 |
Author: United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Title: Exploring Policy Linkages Between Poverty, Crime and Violence: A Look at Three Caribbean States Summary: Crime and violence threaten individual safety and affect the social, economic and political life of a country and its citizens. As one of the most critical issues affecting Caribbean societies today, crime and violence have a significant impact on the achievement of development goals. Lower levels of life satisfaction, the erosion of social capital, intergenerational transmission of violence and higher mortality and morbidity rates are just some of the nonmonetary costs of crime and violence. Direct monetary costs include medical, legal, policing, prisons, foster care and private security. This discussion paper seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on crime and violence through an exploration of the possible policy linkages between poverty, crime and violence, using data from Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. It does so against the backdrop of increasing concern for the impact of violence on the social and economic development and human welfare of Caribbean societies. In addition to the primary objective of exploring the policy and programming linkages between poverty reduction programming and that aimed at reducing crime and violence, the study includes an overview of crime and poverty statistics in the three countries under investigation as well as a review of literature which examines the crime, violence and poverty nexus. Finally the paper seeks to generate discussion regarding future research that could inform public policy in this sensitive area. Details: Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: ECLAC, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2011 at: http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/2/33252/L.172.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Economics and Crime Shelf Number: 131584 |
Author: Fox, Andrew M. Title: An Examination of Risk and Protective Factors, Drug Use, and Delinquency in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: The 2006 Trinidad and Tobago Youth Survey was administered between March and June 2006. The survey contained questions that measured 16 risk factors, 13 protective factors, and involvement in delinquency, drug use, and other youth focused concerns. Students enrolled in forms three and five were targeted for the sample population. Surveys were collected from 22 schools in five districts. A total of 2,376 respondents agreed to participate in the study, for a response rate of 36% of eligible students. The Trinidad and Tobago Youth Survey measured risk and protective factors in four domains: community, school, family, and peer/individual. This thesis focuses on a broad range of issues concerning crime, drugs, and other anti-social behavior among youth for the purpose of informing prevention, intervention, and suppression programming. The findings indicated that there is much room for improvement for reducing risk factors related to communities, schools, families, and individuals and their peers in Trinidad and Tobago. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona State University, 2008. 156p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 21, 2012 at http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/Fox_TTYS_Masters%20Thesis.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior Shelf Number: 123718 |
Author: Wallace, Wendell C. Title: Introduction of a Community Involvement Component in Policing in Trinidad and Tobago: Reality or Rhetoric? Summary: In 2002, Trinidad and Tobago embarked on a developmental program for the transformation of society by 2020 as formulated in its National Strategic Plan. Part of its 2007 – 2010 plan included the creation of “a society free from the scourge of rampant crime in all its manifestations and where the justice system is transparent, swift and incorruptible and anchored in the Rule of Law”. However, community residents were excluded from the plan. The study examined the merits and demerits of involving community residents in policing in a manner which reflects the „wide blue line‟ rather than the „thin blue line‟ of policing. Details: International Police Executive Symposium (IPES) and the Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) and Coginta, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 37: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_37.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Community Policing Shelf Number: 123997 |
Author: Hibdon, Julie A. Title: What's Hot and What's Not: The Effects of Individual Factors on the Identification of Hot and Cool Crime Spots Summary: Theoretical arguments suggest that crime escalates in disadvantaged and disorderly areas because these areas contain cues of danger and safety that signal individuals to stay away, thus reducing effective guardianship, a powerful protective factor against crime. Yet, there is very little knowledge on how perceptions of crime places translate into avoidance or withdrawal behaviors. Moreover, there is limited knowledge of how individual characteristics inform and influence these perceptions. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, this study seeks to understand the accuracy with which people can identify crime hot spots and cool spots within their community. Second, this study will examine the influence of individual predictors on respondents. abilities to identify crime and non-crime locations within the two study neighborhoods. Specifically, individual level predictors of individual demographics, perceptions of crime and disorder, and neighborhood familiarity and tenure are tested. Study measures are derived using two data sources including cognitive maps administered to active community members (N=168) through the Communities Problems and Issues Survey (CPIS) and calls for service to the Trinidad and Tobago Emergency Response System (E-999). Accuracy and the influence of individual predictors are tested using a mix of analytic techniques including descriptive diagnostics, t-tests, zero-inflated count regression analysis and ordinal logistic regression. Overall, the study supports past perception of crime research by determining that respondents are not accurate in identifying crime hot spots. Additionally, when testing the individual predictors that influence accuracy, two factors, gender and neighborhood familiarity, have a strong influence on whether respondents include crime hot spots in the areas they consider unsafe or dangerous. The study concludes with a discussion of the study's implications for both practice and research. Details: Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, 2011. 221p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 23, 2012 at: Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice Year: 2011 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Analysis Shelf Number: 125716 |
Author: Trinidad and Tobago. Parliament. Committee on Young Males and Crime in Trinidad and Tobago Title: No Time To Quit: Engaging Youth at Risk. Executive Report of the Committee on Young Males and Crime in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: This report of the Youth at Risk Committee seeks to put in perspective equity vis a vis equal opportunity. It seeks to move beyond the narrow concept of sameness and to embrace the concepts of difference in the multi-cultural, multi-class society of Trinidad and Tobago. The report argues that the young male population that is more at risk of directly being caught in the criminal world of drugs, guns and deadly violent crime are of African descent, especially those located in urban “hotspots” such as Laventille. At the same time, it focuses on the different problems which young Indo-Trinidadian males face in areas of Central Trinidad, their predilection to alcohol and related domestic violence abuse. It also addresses the way in which women and young girls are both drawn into crime or become victims of the effects of male involvement in crime. Details: St. Augustine: Multimedia Production Centre (MPC), School of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Education, The University of the West Indies, 2013. 436p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2013 at: http://www.ttparliament.org/documents/2197.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: At-risk Youth Shelf Number: 129118 |
Author: Sookram, Sandra Title: Serious Crime in Trinidad and Tobago: An Empirical Analysis Using Time-Series Data Between 1970-2007 Summary: This paper uses time-series data from Trinidad and Tobago and tests for the existence of a long-run cointegration relationship among serious crime, clearance rate and various socio-economic indicators. The cointegration analysis provides strong evidence of the existence of a long-run model, with the normalised coefficients showing a negative effect of the clearance rate, the percentage of females in the labour force and the percentage of the labour force with tertiary education on serious crime, with the sole exception being the unemployment rate which is found to exert a positive effect. Details: St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies, The University of the West Indies, 2009. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: SALISES Publications • Working Papers: Accessed June 28, 2013 at: https://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/DPCrimeTTFeb2010.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Statistics (Trinidad and Tobago) Shelf Number: 129198 |
Author: Sookram, Sandra Title: A Time-Series Analysis of Crime in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: What should be done about crime is a matter of heated debate: popular, political, and academic. Alternatively, one might treat crime control as an ordinary policy issue, like transportation or the control of pollution, in which policies are to be judged by their outcomes, including their costs. In Trinidad and Tobago the policy agenda and the public are demanding stronger measures to deal with rising crime. This paper evaluates empirically the effect of the criminal justice system and socio-economic conditions on serious crime (which includes both property and violent crime) in Trinidad and Tobago over the period 1970-2007. Our study finds that the crime detection rate, unemployment rate, the percentage of females in the labour force and the percentage of the labour force with tertiary education are very important in determining criminal behaviour. Details: Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago: The University of the West Indies, 2009. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: SALISES Publications • Working Papers Paper 2009:20; Accessed July 1, 2013 at: http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/20.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime (Trinidad and Tobago) Shelf Number: 129218 |
Author: Organization of American States Title: Trinidad and Tobago: Evaluation of Progress in Drug Control, 2007-2009 Summary: The Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM) is a diagnostic tool designed by all member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) to periodically carry out comprehensive, multilateral evaluations of the progress of actions taken by member states and by the hemisphere as a whole, in dealing with the drug problem. The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), of the Secretariat of Multidimensional Security, an OAS specialized agency, implemented this Mechanism in 1998, pursuant to a mandate from the Second Summit of the Americas held in Santiago, Chile in 1998. The MEM is not only an evaluation instrument, but has also become a vehicle for disseminating information on the progress achieved by individual and collective efforts of OAS member state governments, catalyzing hemispheric cooperation, promoting dialogue among member state government authorities and precisely channeling assistance to areas requiring greater attention by optimizing resources. The MEM process itself is assessed by the Intergovernmental Working Group (IWG), comprised of delegations from all member states, which meets before the onset of each MEM evaluation round to review and strengthen all operational aspects of the mechanism, including the indicators of the evaluation questionnaire. National evaluation reports are drafted by experts from each member state, with experts not working on their own country's report, guaranteeing the transparent multilateral nature of the MEM. Each chapter is based on countries' responses to a questionnaire of indicators covering the main thematic areas of institution building, demand reduction, supply reduction and control measures as well as subsequent comments and updated information provided by the government-appointed coordinating entities. This report covers the full country evaluation for the MEM Fifth Round evaluation period 2007-2009. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), 2010. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2015 at: http://www.cicad.oas.org/mem/reports/5/Full_Eval/Trin&Tobago%20-%205th%20Rd%20-%20ENG.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 136358 |
Author: Sherman, Lawrence Title: An Integrated Theory of Hot Spots Patrol Strategy: Implementing Prevention by Scaling Up and Feeding Back Summary: In late 2013, Trinidad & Tobago Police Service conducted the first randomized experiment ever to test a hot spots patrol strategy across large areas, as distinct from testing extra patrols one hot spot at a time. The Hot Spots Patrol Strategy (HSPS) experiment required, and helped to refine, a formal theory of both the causes and effects of directed patrols in hot spots. This paper presents an integrated theory of how to implement a hot spots patrol strategy in ways that maximize the preventive effects of patrol on crime. It then describes the HSPS experimental protocol used to test the theory in Trinidad. The key elements of HSPS are scaling up from specific hot spot locations to a district-wide focus on all its hot spots, and feeding back to the constables who provide hot spots patrols data on what they have done and with what effect---presented every two weeks, at a district-level "COP-stat" meeting with the people actually doing the patrols. Details: Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, 2014. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2016 at: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/lawrence_sherman/recent_publications/wellford_lum_hot_spots_jccj_2013.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Analysis Shelf Number: 138695 |
Author: Knights, Donna-Mae Margaret Title: Collective Efficacy and Community-Based Crime Prevention in Trinidad and Tobago: Contributions to the Theory of Collective Efficacy Summary: Reducing crime has been the most intractable problem facing successive government administrations in Trinidad and Tobago since the late 1990s. Community based crime prevention must be an important element of any multi-faceted crime abatement strategy. Collective efficacy which purports to describe a community's capacity for social regulation is associated with lower levels of crime and has become an objective in crime prevention policy (IADB Loan Proposal, TT-L1003, n.d.). This study seeks to examine the applicability of the theory of collective efficacy to Trinidad and Tobago, understand how collective efficacy works, and discover whether and how collective efficacy could be increased in support of community based crime prevention. The study utilized a blended design incorporating analysis of the 2007 Crime Victimization Survey in Trinidad (n=2133), as well as qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews, focus groups and observations in four communities (n=138) over a 12-month period. The intervening role of collective efficacy was examined through a mediation model using the PROCESS macro, a statistical package which employs sophisticated bootstrapping technology for estimating mediation effects (Hayes, 2009). The result was a significant mediation. Systematic qualitative research also found that stable local organizations and quality local leaders play a significant role in the character of local crime prevention, and that collective efficacy for crime prevention could be increased by considerable external investment in local organizations. These findings are of great relevance to policy makers in the areas of community development and national security Details: St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis, 2014. 2990p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 29, 2016 at: http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1242/ Year: 2014 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Collective Efficacy Shelf Number: 139531 |
Author: Caribbean Financial Action Task Force Title: Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures Trinidad and Tobago Mutual Evaluation Report Summary: 1. This report provides a summary of the anti-money laundering (AML)/ countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) measures in place in Trinidad and Tobago as at the date of the on-site visit of January 12-23, 2015. It analyses the level of compliance with the FATF 40 Recommendations and the level of effectiveness of Trinidad and Tobago's AML/CFT system, and provides recommendations on how the system could be strengthened. A. Risks and General Situation 2. Trinidad and Tobago is currently undertaking its National Risk Assessment (NRA) in relation to money laundering (ML)/ terrorist financing (TF). At the time of the on-site, Trinidad and Tobago had commenced, but not completed its NRA. Draft sector reports had been compiled and preliminary results had been communicated to the relevant sectors, however the Authorities advised that the draft reports could not be shared with the Assessors at that time. The National Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Financing of Terrorism Committee (NAMLC) advised that Trinidad and Tobago was in the process of reviewing, consulting on and finalizing the collated Report before sending to the World Bank. The different Competent Authorities (CAs) including law enforcement authorities (LEAs) have indicated to the Assessors that they are aware of the risk ML and predicate offences pose to the jurisdiction. However no documentation was produced to substantiate the information provided by law enforcement in this regard. The Financial Intelligence Unit of Trinidad and Tobago (FIUTT) produced information to show that the predicate offences of Tax Evasion, Fraud and Drug Trafficking are some of the highest generators of the proceeds of crime as a result of the suspicious transaction reports (STRs)/ suspicious activity reports (SARs) submitted to the FIUTT. The Assessors were informed that the location of the jurisdiction and its nexus to international trade also makes it vulnerable to cross-border ML risks. The information reflected the volume of currency declarations that were submitted by the Customs and Excise Division to the FIUTT along with the number of cash seizures that occurred throughout the port. The information provided to the Assessors shows that Money Value Transfer Service (MVTS) providers are second only to the banks in filing STRs/SARs to the FIUTT. The large volume of currency declarations being reported to the FIUTT by the Customs and Excise Department coupled with the increasing amount of reports the FIUTT has been receiving from the MVTS providers and the monetary value of cash seized by the Customs and Excise Division are indicators that significant amount of monies are being moved across the border. 3. The offence of Terrorism is not unknown to the jurisdiction. Law Enforcement and Intelligence Officials have indicated that nationals of Trinidad and Tobago are currently being held in Venezuela on suspected terrorist activity offences. The information provided to the Assessors also indicated that Trinidad and Tobago has extradited one of its nationals to New York, USA for terrorist related activities. Currently, LEAs and other intelligence agencies within the jurisdiction have intelligence information to suggest that its nationals are travelling to places such as Syria to fight with terrorist organisations such as ISIS/ISIL. The FIUTT has received information in the form of STRs/SARs which may indicate that some legal entities are engaged in conducting businesses with entities that may be involved in terrorism activities. B. Key Findings Overall Level of Compliance and Effectiveness - Identifying, assessing and understanding risk: Trinidad and Tobago is currently conducting its NRA in collaboration with the World Bank. This assessment is being spearheaded by NAMLC. The Assessors note that Trinidad and Tobago's understanding of risk is limited and there has been varied assessments of such risk by CAs. The NRA, therefore, would be helpful in assisting Trinidad and Tobago with identifying, assessing and mitigating the risk posed by ML/TF. - The Limited Use of Financial Intelligence: Trinidad and Tobago has robust legislation that allows for LEAs to gather financial intelligence and information to investigate ML, TF and associated predicate offences. These enactments being the POCA and the ATA also provides for the LEAs to trace, restrain and confiscate the proceeds of crime. The FIUA allows for the FIUTT to receive, analyse and disseminate financial information to the relevant LEAs. The FIUTT has disseminated several Intelligence Reports (IRs) to LEAs as part of its mandate. Three of these reports have led to the arrest and prosecution of five individuals for ML offences. However, the Assessors observed that a large number of SARs received by the FIUTT are still awaiting analysis or have been filed for intelligence purposes. It should also be noted that a number of the IRs disseminated to the Financial Investigations Branch (FIB) are still under investigation. The Assessors were informed that there has been an improvement in the quality of IRs submitted by the FIUTT as of 2014. - Money Laundering Investigation and Prosecution: LEAs in Trinidad and Tobago considered the risk associated with ML as being medium to high. The jurisdiction has recorded three cases of ML that have resulted in charges being brought against five individuals. The cases are currently pending before the Court. The information provided indicates that these cases were as a result of parallel investigations conducted between the FIB and the Fraud Squad. There are no arrests for stand-alone ML. The investigation of ML is not properly prioritized by LEAs. The lack of ML arrests coupled with the risks associated with the jurisdiction along with the lack of priority given to investigation suggests that the offence of ML is not properly investigated. Furthermore, none of the cases for which persons have been charged with ML have been adjudicated by the Court and this therefore creates a difficulty in determining whether these cases have been properly investigated. In the absence of convictions for ML, it is not possible to say conclusively that matters are being properly investigated. The absence of convictions for the offence of ML means that no sanctions have been applied by the Court. The offence of ML is not given priority within the Court system. - Confiscation: Confiscation is not treated with priority within Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago does not have any confiscation proceedings pertaining to ML, TF or any predicate offences. Recent changes to the POCA have created a loophole whereby confiscation may not be possible if the criminal ML conduct is not linked to a specified offence. - The Seized Assets Fund (SAF) which is for monies seized under the POCA and the ATA has not been properly established as persons have not been appointed to the Seized Assets Committee and Regulations governing the management and operation of the fund have not as yet been developed. - Terrorist Financing: The offence of terrorist financing has been adequately criminalised in the ATA and related regulations. The FIUTT has mandated in its Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) that STRs relating to TF are to be given priority and outlines the procedure upon receipt of these STRs. The Assessors were informed that these IRs were delivered to the relevant person within the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service (TTPS). There has been no feedback to the FIUTT in relation to these IRs. The Assessors note that a report of TF was submitted since 2013 and there is no evidence to suggest that any actions have been taken against the individuals or entities mentioned in the report. There is no indication that TF is prioritized and properly investigated by LEAs as there has been no designation of entities or persons as terrorists, no assets restrained nor any arrests or convictions for TF offences. The framework for targeted sanctions related to the financing of terrorism needs to be significantly tightened up. There are not adequate sanctions or prohibitions in respect of making funds or facilities available to designated persons and all the requirements for freezing funds are not covered in the ATA. There is no comprehensive policy on the proliferation of financing of weapons of mass destruction and there is no adequate legislation on this issue. There does not appear to be a thorough appreciation of the risk of TF amongst the relevant authorities. There are inadequate resources to effectively investigate and prosecute TF. - Non Profit Organisations (NPOs): NPOs are required to register with the Registrar General's Department however there is no proper AML/CTF policy in relation to the management, supervision and monitoring of these entities. A targeted risk assessment for these entities has not been done as yet, neither are there adequate laws to address this area which means that for most intents and purposes the sector is not being sufficiently regulated. - Preventive Measures - The regulatory framework in relation to preventive measures is largely in place as demonstrated by the level of technical compliance by Trinidad and Tobago. However, significant gaps exist in the manner in which FIs and listed businesses (LBs) in Trinidad and Tobago implement these requirements. Gaps exist in understanding risk, applying enhanced due diligence to PEPS, internal controls and performance of CDD measures based on risk. - Supervision - The supervisory regime undertaken by the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago (CBTT) is robust and well developed given that it has had significantly more years of experience than the other CAs. Supervision performed by the CBTT is sound. Additionally, the FIUTT as a supervisor has demonstrated its capabilities while the Trinidad and Tobago Securities and Exchange Commission (TTSEC) has only recently begun direct AML/CFT supervision. Except for the CBTT there are issues of resources and expertise. Across the board, Regulators have not demonstrated sufficient understanding of risk and applied that understanding to how they regulate on a risk sensitive basis. Sanctions imposed by supervisors have been limited and the range of sanctions available have not been utilised adequately by supervisors. Supervisors need to consider wider use of those powers as well as seeking additional powers such as the ability to impose monetary administrative penalties. - National AML/CFT Policies and Coordination - There is an overall AML/CFT framework in place. The framework is coordinated by the NAMLC. Domestic coordination occurring amongst the key stakeholders has resulted in a number of positive strides within the AML/CFT framework. However, all sectors have not been covered in terms of articulation and thorough dissemination of the AML/CFT policy and in assessing and understanding the country-wide risks. There is need for greater resources to be invested so that all the key agencies are sufficiently funded. - Legal Persons and Legal Arrangements - Trinidad and Tobago is a thriving centre for commercial activity. It has a very active Registrar General's Department (RGD) that oversees the registration of companies, NPOs and the registration of business names amongst other functions. A publicly searchable electronic database for general records of the RGD has been invaluable in increasing accessibility to basic information on companies. Some beneficial ownership information is kept and made available but the accuracy of this is questionable since there is no requirement in the Companies Act to demand and maintain such information. Trinidad and Tobago is not a major centre for legal arrangements. Recent improvements in the filing of annual returns has improved the accuracy of records within the RGD and the verification process but there is still significant room for improvement. No risk analysis pertaining to legal arrangements has been done. - International Cooperation - FIUTT has been working effectively to use mechanisms to share, exchange and respond to requests for information. The FIUTT is able to share information spontaneously. LEAs have not maximised the possibility of exchanging information with their foreign counterparts. Both the BIR and the Customs and Excise Division have limitations in providing or obtaining information from foreign counterparts. Requests for information are not always processed in a timely manner. All the provisions of the Vienna Convention, the Merida Convention, the Terrorist Financing Convention and the Palermo Convention need to be given effect to. A proper case management system does not exist for either mutual legal assistance or extradition cases. There are some limitations in the Mutual Legal Assistance Act that may affect the provision of information. Details: Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies: Caribbean Financial Action Task Force, 2016. 173p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2016 at: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/mer-fsrb/cfatf-4mer-trinidad-tobago.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Financial Crime Shelf Number: 140758 |
Author: Antoine, Brionne Title: The Rise and Fall of Hotspots of Homicide in the Port-of-Spain Division: Changes over Time in the Characteristics of Murder Summary: Homicides are a threat to citizen security and public safety in Trinidad and Tobago. Hotspot policing has been recognized for its crime reducing capabilities in micro-places where crime is concentrated. The Port-of-Spain is the highest contributor to the national homicide total in recent years. Thus, examining the changes in the characteristics of homicides and hotspots when more patrols dosage was applied can provide significant on homicide patterns as well as the relationship between increased patrol time in hotspots and changes in homicide over time This study aims to examine the changes in homicides and hotspots in the Port-of-Spain Division in Trinidad during a period in which police patrols were targeting identified hot spots of homicide. A descriptive analysis was conducted over a two year period, from June 2014 to June 2016. Changes in the demographic and situational characteristics were examined with quantitative methods. Regression models and qualitative information were utilized to evaluate the relationship between increased hotspot patrol dosage and declines in homicides. Spatial analyses were used to measure crime displacement and emergence of new homicide hotspots. Increased patrol time in hotspots was found to be a predictor of decreases in homicides in the low homicide period but not in the high homicide period. Most homicide incidents were committed with guns, were gang-related and were perpetrated against males. Notable differences were seen in time frame and day of week. Findings did not support diffusion of crime control benefits but there were indications of crime displacement and emergence of one new homicide hotspot. These findings have direct implications for the patrol theory of deterrence and patrol resource management in the Port-of-Spain Division and the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. Effective management of patrol resources and improved knowledge of the changes in patterns of homicides by police officers can boost the deterrent effect of hotspot patrols and reduce homicides. Details: Cambridge, UK: Wolfson College, 2016. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed April 5, 2017 at: http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/alumni/theses/Brionne%20Antoine.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Analysis Shelf Number: 144710 |
Author: Seepersad, Randy Title: Crime and Violence in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: This report is part of an IDB Technical Note series on crime and violence in the Caribbean. The overall aim is to establish a baseline of the crime prevention arena against which progress can be assessed. The report compiles the available data from multiple sources in order to provide a diagnosis of the size, characteristics, and changing nature of the problem in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the report provides a survey of the various crime prevention and suppression policies, programmes, and projects adopted by government, private and non-governmental organisations in recent years. In performing the above-mentioned tasks, the report offers an assessment of the data collection, analysis, and crime response capabilities in Trinidad and Tobago, and makes suggestions about the most effective way forward. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. 232p. Source: Internet Resource: IDB Series on Crime and Violence in the Caribbean; (IDB Technical Note ; 1062): Accessed April 27, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7772/Crime-and-Violence-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago-IDB-Series-on-Crime-and-Violence-in-the-Caribbean.pdf?sequence=4 Year: 2016 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 145171 |
Author: Francois, Danielle K. Title: Profiling Murder Cases in Trinidad and Tobago: Using Victimology to Explain Murder in the Capital. Summary: The existing research on the crime and murder rate in Trinidad and Tobago all indicate the same contributory factors, the low detection rate, the proliferation of illegal firearms, the gang activity in Laventille and environs and the Government funding of gangs through social programmes for the unemployed. Despite the dismally low detection rate of less than 10%, little research has been conducted on the murders and murder victims that could provide intelligence to direct police investigations and prevention measures. Empirical evidence has shown that crime scene information as well as information on victim/offender interaction can assist the police force in ongoing investigations and crime prevention (Burgess and Roberts, 2010; Canter, 2000). To date however the police service does not consistently seek and record these types of information in any structured way, far less analyse information to identify trends to assist the police force. This study seeks to address this by using police records to analyse murders committed during 2008 to 2011 in the capital city of Port of Spain, the area with the highest concentration of murders in the nation. Analysis was conducted on crime scene information and murder victim characteristics in three populations (a) the total victim population as well as its subgroups (b) gang-related victims and (c) non-gang related victims. Demographic, temporal, geographic and crime scene patterns were identified. The key findings revealed that the typical profile of a murder in Port of Spain was that of a male victim of African descent, between the ages of 16 to 35 years, who lived and died in East Dry River or Laventille after being shot by a perpetrator/s with gang-related motives and remains undetected. This research also indicated that spatial profiling of gang-related murders in East Dry River or Laventille, combined with records and analysis of the daily actions and interactions of gang members, could be useful in directing investigations in gang-related murders. In conclusion, if law enforcement and government agencies in Trinidad and Tobago want to increase the detection rates, a new standard in recording and conducting murder investigations should be embraced. Details: Liverpool: University of Liverpool, 2014. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 10, 2017 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283426565_Profiling_Homicide_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago-_A_Victimology_on_Murder_in_the_Capital Year: 2014 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Criminal Investigation Shelf Number: 146038 |
Author: Wallace, Wendell C. Title: Organized Crime as Threats to Democratic Governance Structures and National Security in Trinidad Tobago Summary: Many studies have highlighted relationships between organized crime, weak governance, and national insecurity; however, few of these studies have focused on the Caribbean. This has served to limit what is known about the phenomenon in the Caribbean and has created a lacuna in the literature. As a result, this study was conducted to fill that gap by evaluating the threats posed to democratic governance structures and national security by organized crime groups in Trinidad and Tobago. The study utilized archival research and secondary data as well as survey questionnaires to top level security and defense experts in the island. The results indicate the widespread presence of organized crime groups who menace democratic governance structures and national security, and create the necessity for a new national security thinking which supports effective measures against organized crime groups in the island. Details: Guilderland, New York; International Police Executive Symposium, 2015. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper no. 50: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_50.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Developing Nations Shelf Number: 146095 |
Author: Jackson, Kirabo Title: The Effect of Single-Sex Education on Test Scores, School Completion, Arrests, and Teen Motherhood: Evidence from School Transitions Summary: In 2010, the Ministry of Education in Trinidad and Tobago converted 20 low-performing secondary schools from coeducational to single-sex. I exploit these conversions to identify the causal effect of single-sex schooling holding other school inputs constant. After also accounting for student selection, single-sex cohorts at conversion schools score higher on national exams and are four percentage points more likely to complete secondary school. There are also important non-academic effects; all-boys cohorts have fewer arrests as teens, and all-girls cohorts have lower teen pregnancy rates. These benefits are achieved at zero financial cost. Survey evidence suggests that these single-sex effects reflect both direct gender peer effects due to interactions between classmates, and indirect effects generated through changes in teacher behavior. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. 67p. Source: Accessed June 21, 2018 at: NBER Working Paper 22222: Accessed June 21, 2018 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22222.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Education and Crime Shelf Number: 150619 |
Author: Maguire, Edward Title: Evaluating Cure Violence in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the Cure Violence initiative implemented in Trinidad and Tobago from July 2015 to August 2017. It describes the evaluation's methods and findings and includes three main components: a process evaluation, impact evaluation, and cost-effectiveness analysis. The process evaluation revealed that local staff successfully implemented some of the key elements of the Cure Violence model in a number of distressed and violent communities in the Port of Spain area. The impact evaluation, based on a series of quasi-experimental designs using multiple independent data sets, found significant and substantial reductions in violence, calls to the police for violent incidents, and gunshot wound admissions in a hospital located near the intervention. Based on these analyses, the report concludes that Project REASON reduced violence in the treatment area. Findings from the cost-effectiveness evaluation showed that Cure Violence cost, on average, approximately US$3,500 to US$4,500 for every violent incident it prevented. Given the profound costs of violence in both human and economic terms, these estimates provide hope not only that violence can be prevented, but also that effective solutions for preventing violence may be affordable. Details: Tempe: Arizona State University, 2018. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 7, 2019 at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/evaluating-cure-violence-trinidad-and-tobago Year: 2018 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Costs of Crime Shelf Number: 155683 |
Author: Pan American Development Foundation Title: Participant Handbook: A Curriculum for Police and Specialists in Crime Prevention among Youth Summary: In the past fifteen years, the Caribbean has experienced significant increases in crime, especially with regard to domestic violence, substance abuse and gang activity among youth. These actions have had a major impact on, not only the victims and their families, but also the perpetrators, bystanders and society as a whole. The effects are widespread and include diminishing economic and social returns related to local business, tourism, investment and overall development indicators. Such challenges can result in an overburdened criminal justice system, and have negatively impacted the ability to combat crime by creating fear and distrust among citizens. To address these issues, police and other government agencies are now making social crime prevention a priority. In working together, police, government officials and key members of society can, and do, influence the quality of life in their communities. By creating mutually beneficial and trusting relationships, they can ensure government-citizen collaboration that affects positive change where they serve, especially among the next generation. The key is creating community-driven strategies for addressing crimes, while using evidence-based practices to apply lessons learned and ensure sustainability. This course is designed to help police and other specialists in crime prevention resolve the root causes of youth violence. It seeks to provide participants with an understanding of the role police and others (including youth) can play in crime prevention, as well as the importance of approaching prevention through a holistic process involving coordination across government agencies, community groups and families. It also aims to encourage participants to appreciate that the quality of community life can be improved by replacing longstanding barriers of mistrust with opportunities for partnership and communication. Ultimately, this course will provide participants with concrete skills for working with potential offenders through leadership, critical thinking, communication, planning and outreach. This Participant Handbook is meant to serve as an accompaniment to a 31-hour class-based course. It includes 10 modules in total, each consisting of 3 approximately one-hour long lessons (minus Module 9, which covers only one 4-hour lesson). The course addresses social crime prevention, communication, leadership, causes of youth crime and violence, evidence-based practices, politics, ethics, social media and action plans. There is a mid-term and final exam, as well as a class presentation on the action plans created. Details: Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of National Security and Pan American Development Foundation, 2014. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54073cece4b0bf6cd12bf4c9/t/546cebe5e4b07045cfc3fe5d/1416424421200/T%26T+Participant+Handbook+Sept+2014+FINAL_sm.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 155944 |
Author: Katz, Charles M. Title: Understanding and Preventing Gang Membership in Trinidad and Tobago Summary: The rising concern about gangs and their criminal activity in Trinidad and Tobago led to the country's official request for an examination of its emerging gang problem. This report draws upon data collected from school youth and adult arrestees from Trinidad and Tobago and the United States. By examining the similarities and differences between these two countries, we can better understand the prevalence, nature, and seriousness of the gang problem in Trinidad and Tobago. Below we present the major findings of our report. Details: S.L.: Crime and Justice Analysts, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2019 at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Charles_Katz/publication/282981088_Understanding_and_Preventing_Gang_Membership_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago/links/5625852408aed3d3f137154e/Understanding-and-Preventing-Gang-Membership-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Trinidad and Tobago Keywords: Crime in Developing Countries Shelf Number: 155963 |